LEDs

Give LEDs the current they need, not a guess.

Calculate a current-limiting resistor for a series LED string and select the next standard E12 value upwards.

Formula

Use the voltage left after the LEDs.

First subtract the total LED forward voltage from the supply voltage. Divide that remaining voltage by the desired current in amps. Then choose the next standard value above the result to avoid accidentally overdriving the LED.

The calculator also shows resistor dissipation and doubles it for a comfortable minimum power-rating target.